Recently, the 3G mobile broadband has been introduced in Pakistan. There has been a lot of hype and urge among the youth, especially university students regarding the usefulness of 3G mobile broadband. This study explores the perception of university in students in Pakistan regarding the impact of 3G mobile broadband. The study concluded that most students believed that the introduction of 3G has had a positive impact on the business economy as well as improved the use of technology in education. It was also revealed that overall it improves the way how people communicate.

KEY WORD: 3G, Mobile Broadband in Pakistan, University Students, Information Systems, Technology in Education

This study investigated the link between motivation and retention and the effect of motivation on retention at different organisational levels. The research linked motivation and high job satisfaction to explore strategies that help in employees' retention and why public sector employees leave with particular reference to Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri. This was achieved by collecting primary data from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) on non-clinical staff/employees (managers and non-managers and secondary data from published materials and the hospital's human resources (HR) data. The findings were tested using employee motivational attributes to prove that motivation plays a crucial role in enhancing employee retention. Motivation was found to be a core factor that determines the level of employee retention among managers and non-managers within the case study organisation. Specifically, it was found out that employees tend to be motivated if they are subjected to performance-based compensation, recognition for good work, and encouraged to pursue individually fulfilling tasks.

KEY WORD: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Retention, Organization, Employees

Microorganisms in general are of abounding sources of unique enzymes that can be particularly used in biotechnology. To face up the growing request of the industrialists notably in the field of biocatalysises, numerous efforts are provided for the research of enzymes of interest. This concerns principally enzymes coming from extremophiles microorganisms. These enzymes will be undoubtedly of a big interest to intervene in close future in industrial techniques. It is as part of a possible promotion of microbic means by use of their enzymes that we accomplished a first job which is interested in an extreme middle ' the traditional tanneries of Fès '. In a first shutter, we performed a physicochemical characterization of different stages of tanning; then we undertook the isolation of microorganisms by a bet in culture on appropriate medium and at the end, we could revealed certain potentialities enzymatiques (cellulase, pectinase, amylase, tannase and lipase) that the cleaned microbic isolats culminates.

KEY WORD: mediums extremes, tanneries, microorganisms, enzymatiques activities

Refrigeration forms the basic essence of living comfort. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle (EERC) is a not so commonly used method of refrigeration. The use of this method is quite understated. It increases the efficiency of the normal refrigeration cycle by almost 16% over the basic cycle by utilising the energy wasted otherwise in the expansion valve in form of expansion process losses. EERC system has high potential which if harnessed properly could prove to be a very efficient method of refrigeration. This paper aims to showcase the real features of this method in a hope that it finds its way out in the commercial industry today.

In the present paper, we have studied - type and -type plane wave solutions of Einstein's field equations in general theory of relativity in the case where the zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational field and zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field and established the existence of these two types of plane wave solutions in . Furthermore we have considered the case of massive scalar field and shown that the non-existence of these two types of plane wave solutions in GR theory.

Keywords : Einstein's field equations in general relativity in case where the zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational field and zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field, four dimensional space-time, etc.

Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.

KEYWORDS: Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Rainwater Harvesting Technologies (RWHT), Adoption, Arid and Semi-Arid Areas (ASALs), Makueni County

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.

KEYWORDS: Inorganic Carbon, H2O2, Nano photocatalysis, TiO2, Seawater treatment, Solar Energy.

Fibre can be defined as a small piece of reinforcing material possessing certain dimensional characteristics. The most important parameter describing a fibre is its Aspect ratio. "Aspect Ratio" is the length of fibre divided by an equivalent diameter of the fibre. The properties of fibre reinforced concrete are very much affected by the type of fibre. The properties of fibre reinforced concrete are very much affected by the type of fibre. Fibres are secondary reinforced material and acts as crack arrester. Prevention of propagation of cracks originating from internal flaws can result in improvements in static and dynamic properties of matrix. Fibre reinforced cement and concrete materials (FRC) have been developed progressively since the early work by Romualdi and Batson in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a wide range of fibre composites and FRC products were commercially available and novel manufacturing techniques were developed for use with high fibre content. In parallel with the commercial development of FRC materials and products, an extensive research programme was undertaken to quantify the enhanced properties of FRC materials and more specifically to allow comparisons to be made between various types of fibres.

KEYWORDS: Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Nylon Fibre, Conventional concrete

The present work with economic importance concerns the diet of nine species of locust in the natural conditions in the Moroccan Middle Atlas. The dominant botanical species in each of the studied stations were also determined. This study allows understanding better the phenomena of competition and multitude. In the nature, these informs if a member of the Acrididae attacks the adventitious plants either the cultures. So, we used the method of the examination of the contents of the feces which consists in comparing the fragments of epidermic plants ingested by the locust with those of a reference collection prepared from existing botanical species in biotope. The determination of the diet, by the microscopic analysis of the contents of feces is the most objective by contribution in the direct observations on the ground. Besides this method does not perturb the demographic balance of the populations. The analysis of the food specter of nine species of Acrididaes shows that most part of locusts is polyphages to graminivorestendency, with the exception of Dociostaurusgenei who is oligophage. Acrididaespecie thus shows itself able of changing and of adapting its diet according to the availability of vegetables in its biotope.

KEYWORDS: Acrididaes, Middle Atlas, fooddiet, vegetables, adaptation.

Steganography is the art of hiding the existence of data in another transmission medium to achieve secret communication. It does not replace cryptography but rather boosts the security using its obscurity features. Steganography method used in this paper is based on biometrics. And the biometric feature used to implement Steganography is skin tone region of images. Here secret data is embedded within skin region of image that will provide an excellent secure location for data hiding. For this skin tone detection is performed using HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space. Additionally secret data embedding is performed using frequency domain approach - DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform), DWT outperforms than DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). Secret data is hidden in one of the high frequency sub-band of DWT by tracing skin pixels in that sub-band. Different steps of data hiding are applied by cropping an image interactively. Cropping results into an enhanced security than hiding data without cropping i.e. in whole image, so cropped region works as a key at decoding side. This study shows that by adopting an object oriented Steganography mechanism, in the sense that, we track skin tone objects in image, we get a higher security. And also satisfactory PSNR (Peak- Signal-to-Noise Ratio) is obtained.

KEYWORDS: ....